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The Basics of JAVA Programming Language
The Java language is an object-oriented programming language created by James Gosling and other engineers at Sun Microsystems. It was developed in 1991, as part of the Green Project, and officially announced on May 23, 1995, at SunWorld; being released in November. Gosling and friends initially designed Java, which was called Oak at first (in [...]
Pre Order Iphone 4s Now – Launching on 14th October 2011
Apple’s recently announced its new version of iPhone “iPhone 4S”, which is now available for pre-order via AT&T, Verizon Wireless, Sprint and Apple.com. iPhone 4S will be released on October 14, 2011. iPhone 4S is a mirror of iPhone 4, but from inside its way different, there has been a number of changes, which includes, [...]
LG Launches Optimus 3D Phone – Amazing Result
3D hot key The LG Optimus 3G is the world’s first 3D phone. Its 3D hot key will lead you to preloaded 3D games and content. Best of all, there’s no need to wear 3D glasses. Prepare to be amazed. 3D video recording You can use the LG Optimus 3D’s 5 megapixel camera to capture [...]
Google+ Drops 50 to 60% of His Traffic – Chitika reports
Google+, after a roaring start, now witnesses a drammatic slowdown. Even after the “invite-only” system was dropped and the social network was opened for the everyone, its traffic fell by more than 60 percent after an initial surge of 1200 percent. This is what Chitika insights reports, which took a close look at the Google+ [...]
Size of an exchange area Based on Number of Subscribers Served
Size of an exchange area Based on Number of Subscribers Served The size of an exchange area (also called a serving area) obviously will depend largely on subscriber (or potential subscriber) density and distribution. Subscriber traffic is another factor to be considered. If statistics on subscriber traffic intensity are not available, use Table 2.8 based [...]
Current Loop Design used in north America
Current Loop Design used in north America Before 1980, U.S. Bell operating companies designed subscriber loops in accordance with one of three loop design plans: (1) Resistance design (RD) 96%, (2) Unigauge design (UG) 1%, and (3) Long route design (LRD), 3%. (Percentages show approximate application usage of a particular plan—that is, percentage of total [...]
Subscriber Loop Impedances. Local Networks
Subscriber Loop Impedances. For a conventional two-wire§ switch, the characteristic impedance is 900 . This is called a compromise impedance, and it is the impedance looking into the line circuit. Since the late 1970s with the advent of nearly universal digital transmission, there has been considerable development to improve impedance matching the characterization of a [...]
Summary of Limiting Conditions: Transmission and Signaling.
Summary of Limiting Conditions: Transmission and Signaling. We should be aware that the physical size of an exchange serving area is limited by factors of economy involving signaling and transmission. Signaling limitations are a function of the type of exchange and the diameter of the subscriber pairs and their conductivity, whereas transmission is influenced by [...]
Calculating the Loss Limit in Telecommunication Engineering
Calculating the Loss Limit. Attenuation or loop loss is the basis of transmission design of subscriber loops. The attenuation of a wire pair varies with frequency, resistance, inductance, capacitance, and leakage conductance. Also, resistance of the line will depend on temperature. For open-wire lines, attenuation may vary by ±12% between winter and summer conditions. For [...]
Calculating the Resistance Limit
Calculating the Resistance Limit. To calculate the dc loop resistance for copper conductors, the following formula is applicable: where Rdc is the loop resistance in ohms per mile (statute) and d is the diameter of the conductor (in inches). Thus we are dealing here with what some call the signaling limit on a subscriber loop, [...]
Subscriber Loop Design Techniques
Introduction. Consider the following drawing of a simplified subscriber loop: The distance D, the loop length, is a critical parameter. The greater the value of D, the greater the attenuation that the loop suffers, and signal level drops as a result. Likewise, there is a limit to D due to dc resistance, so signaling the [...]
Quality of a Telephone Speech Connection
Quality of a Telephone Speech Connection Loudness Rating. Loudness rating is the principal parameter for measuring the quality of a speech connection. CCITT/ITU-T Recs. P.11, P.76, P.78, and P.79 provide information on subjective and objective methods for the determination of loudness ratings (LRs). The currently recommended values of loudness loss in terms of loudness ratings [...]
